1.Fireplace Insurance coverage Below Indian Insurance coverage Legislation

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A contract of Insurance coverage comes into being when an individual in search of insurance coverage safety enters right into a contract with the insurer to indemnify him towards lack of property by or incidental to fireside and or lightening, explosion, and so on. That is primarily a contract and therefore as is ruled by the overall legislation of contract. Nevertheless, it has sure particular options as insurance coverage transactions, equivalent to utmost religion, insurable curiosity, indemnity, subrogation and contribution, and so on. these rules are frequent in all insurance coverage contracts and are ruled by particular rules of legislation.

FIRE INSURANCE:

In accordance with S. 2(6A), "fireplace insurance coverage enterprise" means the enterprise of effecting, in any other case than by the way to another class of insurance coverage enterprise, contracts of insurance coverage towards loss by or incidental to fireside or different prevalence, usually included among the many dangers insured towards in fireplace insurance coverage enterprise.

In accordance with Halsbury, it's a contract of insurance coverage by which the insurer agrees for consideration to indemnify the assured as much as a sure extent and topic to sure phrases and situations towards loss or harm by fireplace, which can occur to the property of the assured throughout a particular interval.
Thus, fireplace insurance coverage is a contract whereby the particular person, in search of insurance coverage safety, enters right into a contract with the insurer to indemnify him towards lack of property by or incidental to fireside or lightning, explosion and so on. This coverage is designed to insure one's property and different objects from loss occurring on account of full or partial harm by fireplace.

In its strict sense, a hearth insurance coverage contract is one:

1. Whose precept object is insurance coverage towards loss or harm occasioned by fireplace.

2. The extent of insurer's legal responsibility being restricted by the sum assured and never essentially by the extent of loss or harm sustained by the insured: and

three. The insurer having no real interest in the security or destruction of the insured property aside from the legal responsibility undertaken beneath the contract.

LAW GOVERNING FIRE INSURANCE

There is no such thing as a statutory enactment governing fireplace insurance coverage, as within the case of marine insurance coverage which is regulated by the Indian Marine Insurance coverage Act, 1963. the Indian Insurance coverage Act, 1938 primarily handled regulation of insurance coverage enterprise as such and never with any normal or particular rules of the legislation relating fireplace of different insurance coverage contracts. So additionally the Normal Insurance coverage Enterprise (Nationalization) Act, 1872. within the absence of any legislative enactment on the topic , the courts in India have in coping with the subject of fireplace insurance coverage have relied to date on judicial selections of Courts and opinions of English Jurists.

In figuring out the worth of property broken or destroyed by fireplace for the aim of indemnity beneath a coverage of fireplace insurance coverage, it was the worth of the property to the insured, which was to be measured. Prima facie that worth was measured by reference of the market worth of the property earlier than and after the loss. Nevertheless such methodology of evaluation was not relevant in circumstances the place the market worth didn't signify the true worth of the property to the insured, as the place the property was utilized by the insured as a house or, for carrying enterprise. In such circumstances, the measure of indemnity was the price of reinstatement. Within the case of Lucas v. New Zealand Insurance coverage Co. Ltd.[1] the place the insured property was bought and held as an income-producing funding, and due to this fact the court docket held that the right measure of indemnity for harm to the property by fireplace was the price of reinstatement.

INSURABLE INTEREST

An individual who's so desirous about a property as to have profit from its existence and prejudice by its destruction is alleged to have insurable curiosity in that property. Such an individual can insure the property towards fireplace.

The curiosity within the property should exist each on the inception in addition to on the time of loss. If it doesn't exist on the graduation of the contract it can't be the subject-matter of the insurance coverage and if it doesn't exist on the time of the loss, he suffers no loss and wishes no indemnity. Thus, the place he sells the insured property and it's broken by fireplace thereafter, he suffers no loss.

RISKS COVERED UNDER FIRE INSURANCE POLICY

The date of conclusion of a contract of insurance coverage is issuance of the coverage is totally different from the acceptance or assumption of danger. Part 64-VB solely lays down broadly that the insurer can not assume danger previous to the date of receipt of premium. Rule 58 of the Insurance coverage Guidelines, 1939 speaks about advance fee of premiums in view of sub part (!) of Part 64 VB which allows the insurer to imagine the danger from the date onwards. If the proposer didn't want a selected date, it was potential for the proposer to barter with insurer about that time period. Exactly, due to this fact the Apex Court docket has stated that last acceptance is that of the assured or the insurer relies upon merely on the best way by which negotiations for insurance coverage have progressed. Although the next are dangers which appear to have coated Fireplace Insurance coverage Coverage however should not completely coated beneath the Coverage. A few of contentious areas are as follows:

FIRE: Destruction or harm to the property insured by its personal fermentation, pure heating or spontaneous combustion or its present process any heating or drying course of can't be handled as harm on account of fireplace. For e.g., paints or chemical substances in a manufacturing unit present process warmth therapy and consequently broken by fireplace is just not coated. Additional, burning of property insured by order of any Public Authority is excluded from the scope of canopy.

LIGHTNING : Lightning might lead to fireplace harm or different kinds of harm, equivalent to a roof damaged by a falling chimney struck by lightning or cracks in a constructing on account of a lightning strike. Each fireplace and different kinds of damages brought on by lightning are coated by the coverage.

AIRCRAFT DAMAGE: The loss or harm to property (by fireplace or in any other case) straight brought on by plane and different aerial units and/ or articles dropped there from is roofed. Nevertheless, destruction or harm ensuing from strain waves brought on by plane touring at supersonic pace is excluded from the scope of the coverage.

RIOTS, STRIKES, MALICIOUS AND TERRORISM DAMAGES: The act of any particular person collaborating together with others in any disturbance of public peace (aside from conflict, invasion, mutiny, civil commotion and so on.) is construed to be a riot, strike or a terrorist exercise. Illegal motion wouldn't be coated beneath the coverage.

STORM, CYCLONE, TYPHOON, TEMPEST, HURRICANE, TORNADO, FLOOD and INUNDATION: Storm, Cyclone, Storm, Tempest, Twister and Hurricane are all varied kinds of violent pure disturbances which can be accompanied by thunder or robust winds or heavy rainfall. Flood or Inundation happens when the water rises to an irregular degree. Flood or inundation mustn't solely be understood within the frequent sense of the phrases, i.e., flood in river or lakes, but in addition accumulation of water on account of choked drains can be deemed to be flood.

IMPACT DAMAGE: Impression by any Rail/ Highway automobile or animal by direct contact with the insured property is roofed. Nevertheless, such automobiles or animals mustn't belong to or owned by the insured or any occupier of the premises or their staff whereas performing in the midst of their employment.

SUBSIDENCE AND LANDSLIDE INCULUDING ROCKSIDE: Destruction or harm brought on by Subsidence of a part of the location on which the property stands or Landslide/ Rockslide is roofed. Whereas Subsidence means sinking of land or constructing to a decrease degree, Landslide means sliding down of land normally on a hill.

Nevertheless, regular cracking, settlement or bedding down of latest buildings; settlement or motion of made up floor; coastal or river erosion; faulty design or workmanship or use of faulty supplies; and demolition, building, structural alterations or restore of any property or ground-works or excavations, should not coated.

BURSTING AND/OR OVERFLOWING OF WATER TANKS, APPARATUS AND PIPES: Loss or harm to property by water or in any other case on account of bursting or unintended overflowing of water tanks, equipment and pipes is roofed.

MISSILE TESTING OPERATIONS: Destruction or harm, on account of affect or in any other case from trajectory/ projectiles in reference to missile testing operations by the Insured or anybody else, is roofed.

LEAKAGE FROM AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER INSTALLATIONS: Injury, brought on by water unintentionally discharged or leaked out from automated sprinkler installations within the insured's premises, is roofed. Nevertheless, such destruction or harm brought on by repairs or alterations to the buildings or premises; repairs removing or extension of the sprinkler set up; and defects in building identified to the insured, should not coated.

BUSH FIRE: This covers harm brought on by burning, whether or not unintended or in any other case, of bush and jungles and the clearing of lands by fireplace, however excludes destruction or harm, brought on by Forest Fireplace.

RISKS NOT COVERED BY FIRE INSURANCE POLICY

Claims not maintainable/ coated beneath this coverage are as follows:

o Theft throughout or after the prevalence of any insured dangers

o Battle or nuclear perils

o Electrical breakdowns

o Ordered burning by a public authority

o Subterranean fireplace

o Loss or harm to bullion, treasured stones, curios (worth greater than Rs.10000), plans, drawings, cash, securities, cheque books, laptop information besides if they're categorically included.

o Loss or harm to property moved to a distinct location (besides equipment and gear for cleansing, repairs or renovation for greater than 60 days).

CHARACTERICTICS OF FIRE INSURANCE CONTRACT

A hearth insurance coverage contract has the next traits particularly:

(a) Fireplace insurance coverage is a private contract

A hearth insurance coverage contract doesn't guarantee the security of the insured property. Its objective is to see that the insured doesn't undergo loss by motive of his curiosity within the insured property. Therefore, if his reference to the insured property ceases by being transferred to a different particular person, the contract of insurance coverage additionally involves an finish. It isn't so related with the subject material of the insurance coverage as to go routinely to the brand new proprietor to whom the topic is transferred. The contract of fireplace insurance coverage is thus a mere a private contract between the insured and the insurer for the fee of cash. It may be validly assigned to a different solely with the consent of the insurer.

(b) It's total and indivisible contract.

The place the insurance coverage is of a binding and its contents of inventory and equipment, the contract is expressly agreed to be divisible. Thus , the place the insured is responsible of breach of responsibility in the direction of the insurer in respect of 1 topic issues coated by the coverage , the insurer can keep away from the contract as an entire and never solely in respect of that specific topic mater , until the suitable is restricted by the phrases of the coverage.

(c) Trigger of fireplace is immaterial

In insuring towards fireplace, the insured needs to guard him from any loss or detriment which he might undergo upon the prevalence of a fireplace, nevertheless it could be prompted. As long as the loss is because of fireplace throughout the that means of the coverage, it's immaterial what the reason for fireplace is, usually. Thus , whether or not it was as a result of the fireplace was lighted improperly or was lighted correctly however negligently attended to thereafter or whether or not the fireplace was prompted on account of the negligence of the insured or his servants or strangers is immaterial and the insurer is liable to indemnify the insured. Within the absence of fraud, the proximate reason behind the loss solely is to be seemed to.

The reason for the fireplace nevertheless turns into materials to be investigated

(1). The place the fireplace is occasioned not by the negligence of, however by the willful

(2) The place the fireplace is due is to trigger falling with the exception within the contract.

LIMITATION OF TIME

Indemnity insurance coverage was an settlement by the insurer to confer on the insured a contractual proper, which prima facie, got here into existence instantly when the loss was suffered by the occurring of an occasion insured towards, to be put by the insurer into the identical place by which the accused would have had the occasion not occurred however in no higher place. There was a major legal responsibility, i.e. to indemnify, and a secondary legal responsibility i.e. to place the insured in his pre-loss place, both by paying him a specifying quantity or it is likely to be in another method. However the truth that the insurer had an choice as to the best way by which he would put the insured into pre-loss place didn't imply that he was not liable to indemnify him in a method or one other, instantly the loss occurred. The first legal responsibility arises on the occurring of the occasion insured towards. So, the time ran from the date of the loss and never from the date on which the coverage was prevented and any swimsuit filed after that point restrict can be barred by limitation.[2]

WHO MAY INSURE AGAINST FIRE?

Solely those that have insurable curiosity in a property can take fireplace insurance coverage thereon. The next are among the many class of individuals who've been held to own insurable curiosity in, property and might insure such property:

1. Homeowners of property, whether or not sole, or joint proprietor, or associate within the agency proudly owning the property. It isn't essential that they need to possession additionally. Thus a lesser and a lessee can each insure it collectively or severely.

2. The vender and purchaser have each rights to insure. The seller's curiosity continues till the conveyance is accomplished and even thereafter, if he has an unpaid vendor's lien over it.

three. The mortgagor and mortgagee have each distinct pursuits within the mortgaged property and might insure, per Lord Esher M.R."The mortgagee doesn't declare his curiosity by way of the mortgagor , however by advantage of the mortgage which has given him an curiosity distinct from that of the mortgagor"[3]

four. Trustees are authorized house owners and beneficiaries the helpful house owners of belief property and every can insure it.

5. Bailees equivalent to carriers, pawnbrokers or warehouse males are chargeable for there security of the property entrusted to them and so can insure it.

PERSON NOT ENTITLED TO INSURE

One who has no insurable curiosity in a property can not insure it. For instance:

1. An unsecured creditor can not insure his debtor's property, as a result of his proper is just towards the debtor personally. He can, nevertheless, insure the debtor's life.

2. A shareholder in an organization can not insure the property of the corporate as he has no insurable curiosity in any asset of the corporate even when he's the only real shareholder. As was the case of Macaura v. Northen Assurance Co.[4] Macaura. As a result of neither as a easy creditor nor as a shareholder had he any insurable curiosity in it.

CONCEPT OF UTMOST FAITH

As all contracts of insurance coverage are contracts of utmost good religion, the proposer for fireplace insurance coverage can also be beneath a constructive responsibility to make a full disclosure of all materials details and to not make any misrepresentations or misdescreptions thereof throughout the negotiations for acquiring the coverage. This responsibility of utmost good religion applies equally to the insurer and the insured. There should be full good religion on the a part of the assured. This responsibility to look at utmost good religion is ensured b requiring the proposer to declare that the statements within the proposal kind are true, that they shall be the premise of the contract and that any incorrect or false assertion therein shall keep away from the coverage. The insurer can then depend on them to evaluate the danger and to repair acceptable premium and settle for the danger or decline it.

The questions within the proposal kind for a hearth coverage are so framed as to get all data which is materials to the insurer to know in an effort to assess the danger and repair the premium, that's, all materials details. Thus the proposer is required too give data referring to:

o The proposer's title and deal with and occupation

o The outline of the subject material to be insured ample for the aim of figuring out it together with,

o An outline of the locality the place it's located

o How the property is getting used, whether or not for any manufacturing objective or hazardous commerce.and so on

o Whether or not it has already been insured

o And in addition ant private insurance coverage historical past together with the claims if any made purchase the proposer, and so on.

Aside from questions within the proposal kind, the proposer ought to disclose whether or not questioned or not-

1. Any data which might point out the danger of fireplace to be above regular;

2. Any reality which might point out that the insurer's legal responsibility could also be greater than regular will be anticipated equivalent to existence of beneficial manuscripts or paperwork, and so on, and

three. Any data bearing upon the extra; hazard concerned.

The proposer is just not obliged to disclose-

1. Data which the insurer could also be presumed to know within the strange course of his enterprise as an insurer;

2. Details which have a tendency to indicate that the danger is lesser than in any other case;

three. Details as to which data is waived by the insurer; and

four. Details which needn't disclosed in view of a coverage situation.

Thus, assured is beneath a solemn obligation to make full disclosure of fabric details which can be related for the insurer to take into consideration whereas deciding whether or not the proposal ought to be accepted or not. Whereas making a disclosure of the related details, the

DOCTRINE OF PROXIMATE CAUSE

The place extra perils than one act concurrently or successively, will probably be tough to evaluate the relative impact of every peril or pick one in all these because the precise reason behind the loss. In such circumstances, the doctrine of proximate trigger helps to find out the precise reason behind the loss.
Proximate trigger was outlined in Pawsey v. Scottish Union and Nationwide Ins. Co.,[5]as "the energetic, efficient trigger that units in movement a prepare of occasions which brings a couple of end result with out the intervention of any power began and dealing actively from a brand new and impartial supply." It's dominant and efficient trigger despite the fact that it's not the closest in time. It's due to this fact essential when a loss happens to research and confirm what's the proximate reason behind the loss in an effort to decide whether or not the insurer is answerable for the loss.

PROXIMATE CAUSE OF DAMAGE

A hearth coverage covers dangers the place harm is prompted by means of fireplace. The hearth could also be brought on by lightening, by explosion or implosion. It might be results of riot, strike or on account of any, malicious act. Nevertheless these elements should in the end result in a hearth and the fireplace should be the proximate trigger of harm. Subsequently, a loss brought on by theft of property by militants wouldn't be coated by the fireplace coverage. The view that the loss was coated beneath the malicious act clause and due to this fact .the insurer was liable to fulfill the declare is untenable, as a result of until and till fireplace is the proximate trigger f harm, no declare beneath a hearth coverage can be maintainable.[6]

PROCEDURE FOR TAKING A FIRE INSURANCE POLICY

The steps concerned for taking a hearth insurance coverage coverage are talked about under:

1. Number of the Insurance coverage Firm:

There are a lot of firms that supply fireplace insurance coverage towards unexpected occasions. The person or the corporate should take care within the number of an insurance coverage firm. The judgment ought to relaxation on elements like goodwill, and long run standing out there. The insurance coverage firms can both be approached straight or by way of brokers, a few of them who're appointed by the corporate itself.

2. Submission of the Proposal Type:

The person or the enterprise proprietor should submit a accomplished prescribed proposal kind with the mandatory particulars to the insurance coverage firm for correct consideration and subsequent approval. The knowledge within the Proposal Type ought to be given in good religion and should be accompanied by paperwork that confirm the precise value of the property or items which can be to be insured. Many of the firms have their very own customized Proposal Varieties whereby the precise data must be offered.

three. Survey of the Property/ Consideration:

As soon as the duly stuffed Proposal Type is submitted to the insurance coverage firm, it makes an "on the spot" survey of the property or the products which can be the subject material of the insurance coverage. That is normally achieved by the investigators, or the surveyors, who're appointed by the corporate and they should report again to them after an intensive analysis and survey. That is crucial to evaluate the danger concerned and calculate the speed of premium.

four. Acceptance of the Proposal:

As soon as the detailed and complete report is submitted to the insurance coverage firm by the surveyors and associated officers, the previous makes an intensive perusal of the Proposal Type and the report. If the corporate is glad that their is not any lacuna or foul play or fraud concerned, it formally "accepts" the Proposal Type and directs the insured to pay the primary premium to the corporate. It's to be famous that the insurance coverage coverage commences after the fee and the acceptance of the premium by the insured and the corporate, respectively. The Insurance coverage Firm points a Cowl Be aware after the acceptance of the primary premium.

PROCEDURE ON RECEIPT OF NOTICE OF LOSS

On receipt of the discover of loss, the insurer requires the insured to furnish particulars pertaining to the loss in a declare from referring to the next information-

1. Circumstances and reason behind the fireplace;

2. Occupancy and state of affairs of the premises by which the fireplace occurred;

three. Insured's curiosity within the insured property; that's capability by which the insured claims and whether or not any others have an interest within the property;

four. Different insurances on the property;

5. Worth of every merchandise of the property on the time of loss along with proofs thereof , and worth of the salvage ,if any; and

6. Quantity claimed

Furnishing such data referring to the declare can also be a situation precedent to the legal responsibility of the insurer. The above data will allow the insurer to confirm whether-

(1) The coverage is in power;

(2) The peril inflicting the loss is an insured peril;

(three) The property broken or misplaced is the insured property.

Guidelines for calculation of worth of property

The worth of the insured property is-

1) Its worth on the time of loss, and

2) On the place of loss, and

three) Its actual or intrinsic worth with none regard for its sentimental vale. Lack of potential revenue or different consequential loss is to not be taken into consideration.

FILING OF CLAIMS

How a declare arises?

After a contract of fireplace insurance coverage has come into existence, a declare might come up by the operation of a number of insured perils on an unsecured property. There might as well as a number of uninsured perils additionally working concurrently or in succession of the property. So that the declare ought to be legitimate the next situations should be fulfilled:

1. The prevalence ought to happen because of the operation of an insured peril or the place each insured and different perils operated , the dominant or environment friendly reason behind the loss will need to have been an insured peril;

2. The operation of the peril should not come throughout the scope of the coverage exceptions;

three. The occasion will need to have prompted loss or harm of the insured property;

four. The prevalence should be throughout the forex of the coverage;

5. The insured will need to have fulfilled all of the coverage situations and also needs to adjust to necessities to be fulfilled after the declare had arisen.

MATERIAL FACTS IN FIRE INSURANCE: PREVIOUS CONVICTION OF THE ACCUSED

The legal report of an assured might have an effect on the ethical hazard, which insurers needed to assess, and the non-disclosure of a critical legal offence like theft by the plaintiff would a fabric non-disclosure.

INSURED'S DUTY ON OUTBREAK OF FIRE, IMPLIED DUTY

On the outbreak of a fireplace the insured is beneath an implied responsibility to look at good religion in the direction of the insurers and the in pursuance of it the insured should do his greatest to avert or decrease the loss. For this objective he should (1) take all affordable measures to place out the fireplace or stop its unfold, and (2) help the fireplace brigade and others of their makes an attempt to take action at any price not come of their means.
With this object the insured property could also be eliminated to a spot of security. Any loss or harm the insured property might maintain in the midst of makes an attempt to fight the fireplace or throughout its removing to a spot of security and so on., shall be deemed to be loss proximately brought on by the fireplace.

If the insured fails in his responsibility willfully and thereby will increase the burden of the insurer, the insured shall be disadvantaged of his proper to revive any indemnity beneath the coverage.[7]

INSURER'S RIGHTS ON THE OUTBREAK OF FIRE

(A) Implied Rights

Akin to the insured's duties the insurers have rights by the legislation, in view of the legal responsibility they've undertaken to indemnify the insured. Thus the insurers have a proper to-

o Take affordable measures to extinguish the fireplace and to reduce the loss to property, and

o For that objective, to enter upon and take possession of the property.

The insurers shall be liable to make good all of the harm the property might maintain throughout the steps taken to place out the fireplace and so long as it of their possession, as a result of all that's thought of the pure and direct consequence of the fireplace; it has due to this fact been held within the case of Ahmedbhoy Habibhoy v. Bombay Fireplace Marine Ins. Co [8] that the extent of the harm flowing from the insured peril should be assessed when the insurer provides again and never as on the time when the peril ceased.

(B) Loss brought on by steps taken to avert the danger

Injury sustained on account of motion taken to keep away from an insured danger was not a consequence of that danger and was not recoverable until the insured danger had begun to function. Within the case of Liverpool and London and Globe Insurance coverage Co. Ltd v. Canadian Normal Electrical Co. Ltd., [9] the Canadian Supreme Court docket held that "the loss was brought on by the fireplace fighters' mistaken perception that their motion was essential to avert an explosion , and the loss was not recoverable beneath the insurance coverage coverage, which coated solely harm brought on by fireplace explosion., and the loss was not recoverable beneath the insurance coverage coverage, which coated solely harm brought on by fireplace or explosion."

(C) Specific rights

Situation 5- in an effort to defend their rights effectively insurers have prescribed for higher rights expressly on this situation in accordance with which on the occurring of any destruction or harm the insurer and each particular person licensed by the insurer might enter, take or preserve possession of the constructing or premises the place the harm has occurred or require it to be delivered to them and cope with it for all affordable functions like analyzing, arranging, eradicating or promote or dispose off the identical for the account of whom it could concern.

When and the way a declare is made?

Within the occasion of a fireplace loss coated beneath the fireplace insurance coverage coverage, the Insured shall instantly give discover thereof to the insurance coverage firm. Inside 15 days of the prevalence of such loss, the Insured ought to submit a declare in writing, giving the main points of damages and their estimated values. Particulars of different insurances on the identical property also needs to be declared.

The Insured ought to procure and produce, at his personal expense, any doc like plans, account books, investigation experiences and so on. on demand by the insurance coverage firm.

HOW INSURANCE MAY CEASE?

Insurance coverage beneath a hearth coverage might stop in any of the next circumstances, particularly:

(1) Insurer avoiding the coverage by motive of the insured making misrepresentation, misdescription or non-disclosure of any materials specific;

(2) If there's a fall or displacement of any insured constructing vary or construction or half thereof , then on the expiry of seven days wherefrom, besides the place the autumn or displacement was because of the motion of any insured peril; however this, the insurance coverage could also be revived on revised phrases if categorical discover is given to the corporate as quickly because the prevalence takes place;

(three) The insurance coverage could also be terminated at any tie on the request of the insured and on the choice of the corporate on 15 days discover to the insured

CONCLUSION

Tangible property is uncovered to quite a few dangers like fireplace, floods, explosions, earthquake, riot and conflict, and so on. and insurance coverage safety will be had towards most of those dangers severally or together. The shape by which the duvet is expressed is quite a few and various. Fireplace insurance coverage in its strict sense is worried with giving safety towards fireplace and fireplace solely. So whereas granting a hearth insurance coverage coverage all of the requisites want be fulfilled. The insured are beneath an ethical and authorized obligation to be at utmost good religion and ought to be telling true details and never simply faux grounds solely with the greed to get well cash. Additional all insurance coverage insurance policies assist in the event of a Growing nation. Therefore insurance coverage firms have a burden to assist the insured when the insured are in bother.

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